Public Blank
2006-2008
16 framed drawings and texts, pigment print on paper
654 x 214 cm, each framed element: 73 x 102 cm
Collection
Museum of Fine Arts, Houston
๎๏ธ๏ธ๏ธPublic Blank
The Park of Atonement
There are certain people in the world who long for rainstorms because none exist.
This is not because of particular geographical circumstances, but rather because conditions created by social and capital systems in some regions have lead to the gradual disappearance of rainstorms.
Although the disappearance of rainstorms is a natural phenomenon, it tends to happen more quickly in places marked by severe and artificially wrought histories. This notion of an artificial history refers to the conflict between the means of subsistence and class that spread as a result of capitalism, a history that operates as a natural, unconscious flow of energy in the minds of the members of society.
Thus the places that have been affected by this mindset have such a plenitude of material objects and institutions so as to have negatively affected peoplesโ emotional states, and it is at that moment that people begin to long for their difficult pasts.
This kind of process that resembles the cyclical path of a crisis after revolution, and once again the return to a revolution is made possible largely through the reliance on myths.
Myth here refers to the circular form redistributed to describe present-day capitalism while the rainstorm refers to a cyclical structure that must prevail no matter the circumstances. In this case, the myth refers to the circular form that has been transposed onto capitalism, while the rainstorm refers to the cyclical structure of the belief in the necessity for rainstorms to reoccur, no matter what.
Here, there is a need for a space for people who once more long for rainstorms.
Anyone can create this space, since it is intended for one person and does not require much room, and since it only needs enough energy to make the pump work properly.
Even though the rainstorm created in the space is not real, it is possible that one might start to cry while standing alone under the rain or, depending on the water pressure, might even start to believe that oneโs sins can be washed away.
It is highly likely that people that live in a country with a per capita income of at least $25,000 will have the greatest need for this park. For example, this means that with the figure $25,000 income per capita, at least two-thirds of the community will be made up of people with a strict, law-abiding mentality, while at least two-thirds will be made up of those who help the poor.
It is believed that the installation of the space in countries where the GDI is less than $1,000 can also be helpful in other ways.
Triumph Plaza
This plaza can only be constructed in a place where two-thirds of the community feel satisfied with themselves, because triumph depends upon personal triumphs.
It is dangerous to think that such personal triumph is the same thing as narcissism or egotism. This is because what personal satisfaction really means is that one is willing to sacrifice his or herself because he or she steadfastly believes in collective progress, or that collective faith can transform society as a whole. One could say that triumph begins when the nation has succeeded in programming people to believe that personal satisfaction is just a natural outcome of the history of progress.
A vacant lot of roughly 100,000 square meters is needed to construct this space.
After demarcating five points in the middle of the plaza, the person chooses a starting point and moves to the other demarcated points, forming a star shape with their movements.
Oneโs path will be marked out on the ground by trailing behind a prepared liquid solution.
The best liquid to use is an epoxy-based paint for its durability, and although any colors can be used, red and blue are recommended.
The pace of walking does not matter. However, walking rapidly will create a more conducive emotional state.
After walking around the five points, one should stop for the necessary amount of time needed to let the paint to dry.
Because an extremely embarrassing situation could occur if someone stepped over the paint path before it has dried, no one should be allowed to mill about needlessly.
After the paint has dried, repeat the actions.
Although a single person can do it, it would be better if more people undertook this action so that a diversity of star shapes could be made.
The plaza will be completed after this action has been repeated roughly 10,800 times.
When the plaza is finished, our past will have been glorified and we will sing of the bright future and gain in self-confidence.
Liberation Square
It does not really make any sense to form a square with a name Liberation through mutual consent of the civic minds but it is also a fact that these squares actually do exist in several countries.
It would be best to use caution and make sure that the square does not reflect on history in any way, or if it does, to use the viewpoint of a foreigner as its basis; to make sure that the square does not establish any clear political intentions; and to build such a spot in a location (country) where two-thirds of the population feel that they are sufficiently liberated.
First, a flat space of good quality surrounded by high buildings is needed.
People who feel that their past is always coming back to haunt them; those who mix up the future and the present by pushing present problems into the future; those who are anxious that the future will not be as glorious as the past; such people are to climb to the top of the building.
When they reach the top of the building, they are to grab a hold of paint-filled balloons.
The paint color is to be unified by red. It is best to stick to one color from the beginning, since a ridiculous effect might be achieved instead if the colors are not uniform.
When the top has been reached, look down and throw the balloons down while aiming at a particular spot.
As the balloons burst and color the ground below, those who felt anxious will feel calm, while those who are mischievous will fall silent, and those who are skeptical will burst into laughter, and as those who were filled with happiness instead permeate the air with their worries, everything will become equalized.
If others who do not feel the emotions listed above linger about the space, a dispute will then ensue.
Solitude Tower
Solitude begins at the discovery of a path leading to the encountering of others.
Solitude begins when wounds or vacillations that canโt be put into words arise, whether from a separation or a violent scene, or the sudden arrival of a monotonous moment.
In general, people consider solitude as something that lies with an individualโs pain, which arises after estrangement from another person. But the truth is that solitude comes because one allows oneself to be open and vulnerable enough to others and thus willing to empathize with their pain.
Therefore, a tower where one can meet others and truly contemplate solitude is proposed.
Although this tower should be built deep in the isolated mountains,
it can be installed within a city to allow for greater human access.
Single capacity elevators are to be constructed in a building with five floors underground and 15 stories above ground.
The stories above ground are to be built of glass to allow for a full view, while the underground levels are to be made of concrete.
The elevators are to be built so that there is no space for seating implements like a chair or sofa. This is because it is a space that aims to change the mentality rather than being a place for physical rest.
This tower is not intended for tourism, nor is it moreover a space for religious contemplation, but there are certain stipulations that may apply to individuals using it.
Although it is most suited for those who have a fear of confronting others or those who become bored with unfamiliar situations, it is not likely that these kinds of people will seek out this place.
Operating the elevator without any occupants could also work as a symbol of solitude as well.
Meeting Plaza
This Meeting Plaza is intended as a social space for those who have a fear of meeting other people or have a pessimistic view when it comes to meeting others.
Since a small budget is required for this plaza, the project first requires receiving the consent of the local community.
First, an old building that is on the verge of collapse is bought, following an agreement with local residents. A company should be called in to demolish the building, as is the norm for the other old buildings that have expired in the city.
The rubble from the building is to be left behind following the demolition, save such dangerous parts as exposed pipes, broken glass and sharp pieces of concrete, which are to be removed or crushed up.
After the sharp pieces have been discarded, all of the holes and openings that are large enough to catch peoplesโ legs are to be patched up with concrete.
The plaza is complete once all of the holes have been plugged in and only the rubble and concrete-covered parts of the building remain.
Although the building might resemble a large-scale sculpture, it can also have the feeling of a hill for those pedestrians who have climbed up to the highest parts. One can naturally strike up a conversation as others adjust their postures to regain their balance, by saying that the reason one has to strike this awkward posture is because of the way the plaza is shaped, thus using it as an excuse to start up a dialogue.
A sense of release can be attained from the sheer force of having to encounter another person face-to-face, while a genuine meeting can finally take place through the other personโs speech, gestures, and concerns.
As something that is not often seen in daily life, this awkward posture adopted by people in the plaza can also create a new kind of scenery for those overlooking the space.
This kind of plaza is not recommended for locations that have been deeply affected by hurtful memories of war, acts of terrorism, earthquakes or other disasters. It would be best not to build the plaza in such affected locales in the first place, especially since the name would have to be changed. This is because these kinds of wounds do not disappear but remain trapped within the memory in different ways.
The Tower of Ethics
In order to build the Tower of Ethics, a poignant agreement with all of society must first be reached.
There is the strong likelihood that this tower will be built in a place overflowing with strong social bonds because if a large-scale societal agreement on its placement can be reached, it has to be a country that at least has a progressive notion about human rights.
It is highly unlikely that this tower will be built in a place (country) where religion has a strong influence, where beliefs operate much more strongly than ethical conduct, or in a place (country) where charity is well developed and half the population is made up of the sorts of people who donate money to needy children in poor countries.
Instead of just taking the form of a sculpture, people can enter the tower and climb to the top. However, not just anyone can enter, for exacting conditions must first be met.
The kinds of people to whom these criteria might apply include:
Bums living on the outskirts who have only seen poverty since the day they were born and live a day-to-day existence looking for food; bankrupted drifters who are driven only by their despair; the city poor who envy the fulfilling lives of pigeons in comparison to their own; artists who are numbed by the overwhelming amount of time on their hands; the stigmatized elders who make up the daily lines to the soup kitchens; teenagers who live apart from their families in order to make a living; foreigners who came to this place with hopes and instead have nothing to cling to but that hope and a desire to return home; drug addicts who have become so antisocial that it has been a year since they have conversed with anyone.
Thus, people who have been financially ruined or rejected from society and who figure that there is nothing else to do but climb to the top of the tower can inquire at the front desk located at the entrance, and submit information regarding their social status and financial matters.
Those who successfully pass through the procedure will receive 30,000 won ($30) as an initial payment, on the strictly enforced condition that they stand for one hour when they reach the top of the tower.
While the image of a person showing his or her body to others in a public place because of impoverished circumstances might strike those living in the area as being too cruel and frightening, there is the strong likelihood that tourists and strangers will rush in to snap pictures, with the thought that it is a kind of living sculpture or there is at least something worth shooting.
As the tower is subject to a changing influx of people, from those who come because they have no money to those who come in order to make money, the tower will be subject to different personalities and rights, as it becomes the site of tears and frustration, anger and bitter struggles.
If this tower is built, people who have goodwill toward mankind will work toward making social institutions that help the poor; those who are smart and of good social standing will try to solve the problems through economic policy; the kind-hearted will feel troubled and pray; and idiots will be happy just to be alive. In any case, this tower will make most people think about the human condition in some way.
Even if this tower could never exist, the kinds of people who would be willing to climb it always will.
The Path of Glory
There will always be those who wait impatiently for their moment of glory or who thrill in the light of past achievements.
Attitude becomes important in the case of glory,
and the way this usually happens is that it turns into a purity through abstract thoughts, or in the case of reaching a goal for collective profit, it shows up as a myth that contains oneโs self-destructive energy. This can present an extremely frightening picture to those looking on from the outside, or depending on the circumstances, can also come off as looking ridiculous.
This is because there are many cases where glory is nothing but the dazzling illusions of past and present, or because people believe that the only path to glory is making a commitment to progress and striving for endless improvement.
Nevertheless, presented here isโto jumble metaphors somewhatโa path to glory.
After selecting a straight street in an abandoned part of the city, the pathway and the buildings surrounding it are painted white to create the fascinating effect of a floating space.
Flood lights that are bright enough to illuminate a stadium are mounted onto the surrounding buildings. The lights should be placed roughly six meters high and placed 50 centimeters apart.
The lights should be able to illuminate a distance of 10 square meters and use 10,000 watts, which means that for a 10 meter walkway, there should be 1,000-watt light bulbs installed on the buildings to cover every 1-meter interval of street.
Although this expends a considerable amount of electricity, no great difficulty is foreseen in receiving the consent of those living in the place (country), since it is for the attainment of great glory.
Even if it is installed in a rich place (country), the lights should be turned off for roughly an hour after the sun sets at least once a week. Not only will this help save energy, but it will also be the correct way to achieve a more dramatic effect.
When this place is complete, the cityscape filled with life will be discarded and the thought that everyday life is no longer accessible will itself become an everyday notion, thus refracting into a dialectic point of view.
As these pedestrians create the effect of a dazzling illusion of a museum or exhibition space by their unique marching parade and grandiloquent memorial, they will be given a sense of hope for glory each time they pass each other in surreal, dreamlike meeting on the dazzling walkway.
Peace Plaza
If peace refers to the absence of conflict or antagonism, then an easiness that will blunt the edges of the ideal known as progress will first have to be proffered.
Although ever more specialized, perfect systems are created because of the commonly accepted idea that communities cannot be managed through the emotions alone, there is always a compulsion toward feeling disappointment or anger, even if the system is a certified one. The place can be considered a pretty democratic and progressive society if it is at least willing to make gestures toward not completely ignoring such things.
One cannot simply say that getting rid of the sources of conflict, such as religion, ideology, race, territory and other problems that are as major as the history of mankind, will automatically result in peacefulness. This is because just when the elimination has been declared total and absolute, someone in some corner will start to cry.
It is possible that paying close attention to something trifling and insignificant will be more warmly received by people than a large-scale pacification (compromise) over a major issue.
It must be clearly shown that the visual or spatial elements of the Peace Plaza were not created with the aim of gaining political profit from the visitors to the plaza. To offset this (or to put it more precisely, to disturb this traditional notion), benches and about one sculptural work of art should be placed in a large, unoccupied lot.
Although it is important to emphasize that there is not much there, the sculpture has to be there because in the case of public works, the city has to have some kind of visible proof that its money was spent for the benefit of the local citizens.
However, it is possible that just having an empty space to connote a sense of peacefulness may be too difficult to grasp for ordinary people.
In order to ameliorate this possible situation,
the surface of the benches and sculpture should change temperature according to the season, with the help of an exacting and precise science.
In other words, a device that will cool or heat the bottom of the plaza depending on the season should be installed. So in the summer as the floor of the plaza as well as the benches and sculptures are cooled, people will come to relax and lie down on the ground, while in the winter waiting for friends in the cold will no longer be so bothersome because the sculpture and objects are very warm.
Additionally, it can serve as a perfect sleeping spot for homeless people, since they are hard to come by in the city.
If, despite the fact that this plaza is built, a fight breaks out over finding space, people will begin to think that that peace is no longer viable, and a social agreement will be reached, that the only way people can find peace is through living with their own ideals.
Original text: gimhongsok, 2006~2008
English Translation: Iris Moon, 2008
๎๏ธ๏ธ๏ธ๊ณต๊ณต์ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ
์์ฃ์ ๊ณต์
์ธ์์๋ ๋น๋ฐ๋์ด ์์ด ๋น๋ฐ๋์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ํ๋ ์ด๋ค์ด ์กด์ฌํ๋ค.
์ด๋ ๊ฒ ์ด์ํ ์ผ์ด ์ด๋ค ํน์ ์ง์ญ์๋ง ์ ์ฉ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ ์ฌํ์ ์์ง์ ์๋ณธ์ ๋ํ ์ด๋ง์ ์ ๋์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋น๋ฐ๋์ด ์ฌ๋ผ์ง๋ ๊ณณ์ด ์๊ธฐ ๋ง๋ จ์ด๋ค.
๋น๋ฐ๋์ด ์ฌ๋ผ์ง๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์์ฐ์ค๋ฌ์ด ๋ฐ์์ด์ง๋ง ๋งค์ฐ ์ธ์์ ์ด๊ณ ํน๋ ํ ์ญ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฐํ ๊ณณ์ผ์๋ก ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์๊ฒจ๋๋ค.
ํน๋ ํ ์ญ์ฌ๋ ์์กด๊ณผ ๊ณ๊ธ๊ฐ์ ํฌ์์ ์ ๊ฐํ ์๋ณธ์ฃผ์๊ฐ ์ฌํ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์์ ์ธ์์ ์๋๋ฌผ์ฒ๋ผ ์์ฐ์ค๋ฝ๊ฒ ์์ฉํ๋ ์๋์ง๋ฅผ ๋งํ๋ค.
์ด๋ฌํ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๊ฒช์ ๊ณณ์ ํ์ฌ ๋ฌผ์ง๊ณผ ์ ๋์ ๋๋ํจ์ด ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ ์์ ์คํ๋ ค ํด์ ์ ๊ฐํ ์ง๊ฒฝ๊น์ง ์จ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ฅผ ๋งํ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์์ ๋ค์ ํน๋ ํ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ํ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๋ค.
ํ์ ์ดํ์ ๋ชฐ๋ฝ์ด, ๋ชฐ๋ฝ ์ดํ์ ํ์ ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ด๋ฌํ ์ํ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ ๋ค๋ถํ ์ ํ์ ๋ํ ์์กด์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค.
์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ์ ํ๋ ํ๋ ์๋ณธ์ฃผ์์ ์ฌ๋ฐฐ์น๋ ์ํ์ ๋งํ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ ๋น๋ฐ๋์ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ๋ ๋ค์ ๋ฐ์๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ ์ํ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋งํ๋ค.
์ฌ๊ธฐ, ๋น๋ฐ๋์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ํ๋ ์ด๋ค์๊ฒ ํ์ํ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ด ์๋ค.
์ผ์ธ์ฉ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋์ ๋ฉด์ ์ด ์๊ตฌ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ฉฐ, ํํ๋ฅผ ์๋์ํฌ ์ ๊ธฐ ์์ค๋ง ์๋ค๋ฉด ๋๊ตฌ๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ๋ง๋ค์ด ๋ผ ์ ์๋ค.
์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ๋น๋ฐ๋์ ๋น๋ก ์ง์ง๋ ์๋์ง๋ง, ํผ์์ ๋น๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ดํ ๋๋ฌผ์ด ํ๋ฅผ ์๋ ์๊ณ ์ ๋๊ฐ ์ฌํด์ง๋ฉด ์์ ์ ์์ฃ๋ฅผ ์ป์ ์ ์๋ค๋ ์๊ฐ์ด ๋ค๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋ค.
๊ตญ๋ฏผ์๋ ์ด๋ง ์ค์ฒ๋ถ ์ด์์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ์ฌ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ด ๊ณต์์ด ํ์ํ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ๋งค์ฐ ํฌ๋ค. ์์ปจ๋ 1์ธ๋น ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์๋์ด ์ด๋ง ์ค์ฒ๋ถ ์ด์์ด๋ ์งํ๋ ์ค๋ฒ์ ์ ์ด ํฌ์ฒ ํ ์ด๋ค์ด ๊ตฌ์ฑ์์ ์ผ๋ถ์ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋๊ณ , ๋ถ์ํ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋๊ณ ์ ํ๋ ๋ง์์ ๊ฐ๋ ์ด๊ฐ ์ผ๋ถ์ ์ด์ ๋๊ฐ ๋จ์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
๊ตญ๋ฏผ์๋ ์ฒ๋ถ ๋ฏธ๋ง์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ์ค์นํ๋ ๊ฒ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉด์์ ๋ง์ ๋์์ด ๋๋ฆฌ๋ผ ํ๋จ๋๋ค.
์น๋ฆฌ์ ๊ด์ฅ
์น๋ฆฌ๋ ์๊ธฐ๋ง์กฑ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ด ๊ด์ฅ์ ์ค์นํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ๊ณต๋์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ถ์ ์ด๊ฐ ์๊ธฐ๋ง์กฑ์ ๋น ์ง ๊ณณ์์๋ง ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค.
์์นซ ์๊ธฐ๋ง์กฑ์ ๋ถ์ ์ ๋๋ฅด์์ฆ์ด๋ ์๊ณ ์ด์ฆ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐํด์๋ ์ํํ๋ค. ๊ฐ์ธ์ ํฌ์ํ๋ฉด์๊น์ง ๊ณต๋์ ์ง๋ณด์ ๋์ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ณต๋์ ์ ๋ ์ด ์ฌํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐํํ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ฏฟ๋ ํ๋๊ฐ ์๊ธฐ๋ง์กฑ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ์ง๋ณด์ ์ญ์ฌ๋ ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ์ฐ์ฌ ์ก๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ด๋ฌํ ์๊ธฐ๋ง์กฑ์ ์ญ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ๊ณผ ์ด์ ๋ํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ๋์์ ๋ํด์ ์์ฐ์ค๋ฝ๊ฒ ์์ฉํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์น๋ฆฌ์ ์์์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ ์ ์๋ค.
์ด ๊ด์ฅ์ ์กฐ์ฑํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ์ฝ ์ผ๋ง ํ ์ ๋์ ๊ณตํฐ๊ฐ ์๊ตฌ๋๋ค.
๊ด์ฅ์ ์ค์์ ๋ค์ฏ ๊ฐ์ ๊ผญ์ง์ ์ ์์๋ก ์ ํ ํ,
๋ณ์ ์๊ฐํ๋ฉฐ ์์ ์ด ์ ํ ์์์ ์์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๊ผญ์ง์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ํ๋ค.
์ด๋ ์, ์ค๋นํ ์ก์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ฅ์ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์ ๊ฑท๋๋ค.
์ก์ฒด์ ์ข ๋ฅ๋ ๋ด๊ตฌ์ฑ์ด ์ข์ ์ํญ์ ๊ณ์ด์ ํ์ธํธ๊ฐ ์ ๋นํ๋ฉฐ
์์์ ์ด๋ ๊ฒ์ด์ด๋ ์ข์ง๋ง ๋นจ๊ฐ์์ด๋ ํ๋์์ ๊ถํ๋ค.
๊ฑท๋ ์๋๋ ์ค์์น ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋
๋น์ฅํ ๋ง์์ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋๋๋ก์ด๋ฉด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๊ฑท๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ข๋ค.
๋ค์ฏ ๊ผญ์ง์ ์ ํ ๋ฒ ๊ฑท๊ณ ๋๋ฉด ์ด ํ์๋ฅผ ๋ฉ์ถฐ์ผ ํ๋๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํธ์ ๊ฑด์กฐ ์๊ฐ์ด๋ ์ ์ฝ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค.
์ด๋ ํ์ธํธ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ฅด์ง ์์ ์ํ์์ ๋๊ตฐ๊ฐ ๊ทธ ์๋ฅผ ๊ฑท๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด ์ค๋ก ๋นํฉ์ค๋ฌ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ์๋ฌด๋ ์ผ์ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ํด์๋ ์ ๋๋ค.
ํ์ธํธ๊ฐ ๋์ถฉ ๋ง๋ฅธ๋ค ์ถ์์ ๋ ๋๊ฐ์ ํ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ ํ๋ค.
ํ ์ฌ๋์ด ํด๋ ๋์ง๋ง, ์ฌ๋ฌ ์ฌ๋์ด ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ๋ค์ํ ๋ณ ๋ชจ์์ ์ํด ์ข๋ค.
์ด๋ฌํ ํ์๋ฅผ ํตํ์ด ์ฝ ๋ง ํ๋ฐฑ ๋ฒ ์ ๋ํ๊ณ ๋๋ฉด ์ด ๊ด์ฅ์ ์์ฑ๋๋ค.
์ด ๊ด์ฅ์ด ์์ฑ๋๋ฉด ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ ์๊ด์ผ๋ก ๋ฐ๋๊ณ ๋ฏธ๋์ ๋ํด ๋ ธ๋๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ๋ชจ๋๊ฐ ์์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
์์ ์ ๊ด์ฅ
์์ ๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ฆ์ ๊ฐ์ง ๊ด์ฅ์ ์กฐ์ฑํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์๊ฐํด๋ ๋ฌด์์ ์ํ ๊ฒ์ธ์ง ์ ์๋ ์์ง๋ง ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ช ์นญ์ ๊ฐ์ง ๊ด์ฅ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋๋ผ์ ์ด๋ฏธ ์กด์ฌํ๋ค.
์ฌ๊ธฐ ์ ์ํ๋ ๊ด์ฅ์ ์ญ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์์น ์๋๋ก ์กฐ์ฌํ๊ฑฐ๋, ๊ตณ์ด ๋ฐ์์ผ ํ๋ค๋ฉด ์ด๋ฐฉ์ธ์ ์์ ์ ํ ๋๋ก ํ๊ณ , ์ ์น์ ์๋๊ฐ ๋ช ํํ ๋ณด์ด์ง ์๋๋ก ๋ ธ๋ ฅํ๊ณ , ์ถฉ๋ถํ ์์ ๋กญ๋ค๊ณ ๋๋ผ๋ ๊ตฌ์ฑ์์ด ์ผ๋ถ์ ์ด๊ฐ ๋๋ ์ง์ญ(๊ตญ๊ฐ)์ ์กฐ์ฑํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ ๋นํ๋ค.
๋จผ์ , ๊ณ ์ธต๋น๋ฉ์ ๋๋ฌ์ธ์ธ ์ง ์ข๊ณ ํํํ ๋ฐ๋ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ง ๊ณตํฐ๊ฐ ์๊ตฌ๋๋ค.
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ ์์ ์ ์ฌ์ ํ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ๊ณ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋๊ปด์ง๊ฑฐ๋, ๋ฏธ๋์ ํ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฒ๋ฒ ์์ผ ํ์ฌ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ์์ฃผ ๋ค๋ก ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ๊ฑฐ๋, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ฒ๋ผ ๋ฏธ๋๊ฐ ์๊ด์ค๋ฝ๊ฒ ์งํ๋์ง ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ ๋ถ์์ ๊ฐ์ง ์ด๋ค์ ๊ทผ์ฒ์ ์๋ฌด ๋น๋ฉ์ ์ ํํ์ฌ ๊ทธ ๊ผญ๋๊ธฐ์ ์ค๋ฅธ๋ค.
๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๊ผญ๋๊ธฐ์ ์ค๋ฅผ ๋ ํ์ธํธ๊ฐ ๋ด๊ธด ํ์ ์ ์์งํ๋ค.
ํ์ธํธ์ ์์์ ๋นจ๊ฐ์์ผ๋ก ํต์ผํ๋ค. ์์ ํต์ผํ์ง ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์์นซ ์ฐ์ค๊ฝ์ค๋ฌ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ๋์ฌ ์ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ด์ ํ ๊ฐ์ง ์์ผ๋ก ์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ข๋ค.
๊ผญ๋๊ธฐ์ ๋ค๋ค๋ฅด๋ฉด ์๋๋ฅผ ๋ด๋ ค๋ค๋ณด๊ณ
์ ๋นํ ์ง์ ์ ๊ฒจ๋ฅํ๊ณ ๊ณตํฐ ์๋๋ก ์ค๋นํ ํ์ ์ ๋์ง๋ค.
ํ์ ์ด ํฐ์ง๊ณ ๋ฐ๋ฅ์ ์ผ๋ฃฉ์ด ์๊ธฐ๋ฉด,
๋ถ์ํ๋ ์ด๋ค์ ํ์จํด์ง๊ณ , ์ฅ๋์ค๋ฐ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์์ฐํด ์ง๋ฉฐ, ์์ฌ์ด ๋ง์ ์ด๋ค์ ์์์ด๋๋ฉฐ, ํ๋ณต๊ฐ์ด ์ถฉ๋งํ๋ ์ด๋ค์ ๋ฐ๋๋ก ํ์ฌ์ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ์์ฌ์ ํ๊ฒ ๋์ด ํ๋ฑํด ์ง ์ ์๋ค.
์์ ์ด๊ฑฐํ ๋ด์ฉ ์ด์ธ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ง ์ด๋ค์ด ์ด ๊ทผ์ฒ์ ์ผ์ฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ๋คํผ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค.
๊ณ ๋ ์ ํ
๊ณ ๋ ์ ์์์ ํ์ธ์ ๋ง๋ ์ ์๋ ํต๋ก์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ์ด๋ค.
์ด๋ณ์ด๋ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ฅ๋ฉด, ๊ฐ์์ค๋ฝ๊ฒ ์ฐพ์์จ ์๊ฐ์ ๋จ์กฐ๋ก์์ ๋ํ ์์, ์ด์ฒ๋ผ ๋ง๋ก๋ ํํํ ์ ์๋ ์์ฒ๋ ๋ง์ค์์ด ๋ํ๋ ๋ ๊ณ ๋ ์ ์์๋๋ค.
์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ณ ๋ ์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ๊ณ ํต์ด์ ํ์ธ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ์ ์์ธ๋ก ์๊ฐํ์ง๋ง ์ง์ ํ ์๋ฏธ์ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ ํ์ธ์ ๋ํด ์ด๋ ค ์๊ณ ํ์ธ์ ์ํด ๊ณ ํต ๋ฐ์ ์ ์์์ ์์ฉํ๋ค๋ฉด ์ง๋ ํ ๊ณ ๋ ์ ํ์ธ์ ๊ณ ํต์ ๋ํ ์ดํด๋ก ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋๋ค.
์ฌ๊ธฐ, ํ์ธ์ ๋ง๋๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ง์ ํ ๊ณ ๋ ์ ๋ํด ์ฌ์ํ ์ ์๋ ํ์ ์ ์ํ๋ค.
์ด ํ์ ๋ฐ๋์ ์ธ์ ์ด ์๋ ์ฐ์์ ์ค์น๋์ด์ผ ํ์ง๋ง
์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ ๊ทผ์ ์ํด ๋์ ํ ๋ณตํ์ ์ค์นํ๋ ๊ฒ๋ ์ข๋ค.
์งํ ์ค์ธต ๊น์ด, ์ง์ ์ญ ์ค์ธต ๋์ด์ ํ์๋ฅผ ์ธ์ฐ๊ณ ๋ด๋ถ์ ์ผ์ธ์ฉ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ์ค์นํ๋ค.
์ง์ ์ธต์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ด๋ค๋ณผ ์ ์๋๋ก ์ฌ๋ฉด์ ์ ๋ฆฌ๋ก ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ๊ณ ์งํ๋ ์ฝํฌ๋ฆฌํธ๋ก ๋ง๊ฐํ๋ค.
์๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํฐ ๋ด๋ถ๋ ์ ๋นํ ๋์ง๋ง ์์๋ ์ํ ๋ฑ์ ์์ ๋งํ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋์๋์ง ์๋๋ค.
์๋ํ๋ฉด ์ด ํ์ ์ก์ฒด์ ํด์๋ณด๋ค๋ ์ฌ๊ณ ์ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์๊ตฌํ๋ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค.
์ด ํ์ ๊ด๊ด์ฉ์ด ์๋๋ฉฐ, ๋์ฑ์ด ์ข ๊ต์ ์ฌ์์ ์ํ ๊ฒ๋ ์๋์ง๋ง,
๋๊ตฌ์๊ฒ๋ ์ค๋ฅผ ์ ์๋ ์๊ฒฉ์ ์๋ค.
์ผ๊ตด์ ๋ง๋๋ ์ผ์ ๊ณตํฌ๊ฐ ์๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ฏ์ค์์ ์ง์น ์ด๋ค์ด ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ ๋นํ๊ฒ ์ง๋ง ๋๋ถ๋ถ ์ด๋ฐ ์ด๋ค์ด ์ด ์ฅ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ์ฌ ์ด์ฉํ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์คํ๋ ค ์ ๋ค.
์๋ฌด๋ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ง ์์ง๋ง ์๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํฐ๋ง ํ๋ก ์ดํ์ํค๋ ๊ฒ๋ ๊ณ ๋ ์ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฌํ๋๋ฐ ์์ง์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ์ ๋นํ ์ ์๋ค.
๋ง๋จ์ ๊ด์ฅ
ํ์ธ๊ณผ์ ๋ง๋จ์ ๋๋ ค์์ด ์๋ ์ด๋ค๊ณผ ํ์ธ๊ณผ์ ๋ง๋จ์ ๋น๊ด์ ์๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ง ์ด๋ค์๊ฒ ํ์ํ ์ฌํ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ด ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ ์๋ค.
์ด ๊ด์ฅ์ ์กฐ์ฑํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ์ ์ ์์ฐ์ด ์์๋๋ ๊ทธ ์ง์ญ ๊ณต๋์ฒด์ ํฉ์๊ฐ ์ฐ์ ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
๋จผ์ , ์ด๋ฏธ ๋๋ฌด ์ค๋๋์ด ์๋ช ์ด ๋คํ 5์ธต ์ด์์ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ๊ทธ ์ง์ญ๋ฏผ์ ๋์๋ฅผ ์ป์ด ๊ตฌ๋งคํ๋ค. ์ค๋๋ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ๋์์ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋ค์ด ์๋ก ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฒ ์ฃฝ์ด ๊ฐ๋ฏ์ด ์ ๋ฌธ ์ ์ฒด์ ๋์์ ํตํด ํญํ์ํจ๋ค.
ํญํ๋ ์ํด๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋๋ก ๋๋๊ณ ๋จ์ง ์ํํ ๋ถ๋ถ๋ค ์ฆ, ํ์ด ๋์จ ํ์ดํ, ๊นจ์ง ์ ๋ฆฌ, ๋ ์นด๋ก์ด ์ฝํฌ๋ฆฌํธ ๋ชจ์๋ฆฌ๋ค๋ง ์ ๊ฑฐํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ง๋ชจ์ํจ๋ค.
๋พฐ์กฑํ ๋ถ๋ถ๋ค์ด ์ ๊ฑฐ๋๋ฉด, ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๋ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋น ์ง ๋งํ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ๋ค์ ์ฝํฌ๋ฆฌํธ๋ก ๋ค์ ๋ฉ์ ๋๊ฐ๋ค.
๋น ๋ถ๋ถ์ด ๋ค ๋ฉ์์ง๋ฉด ํญํ๋ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ์ํด๋ ํ๋์ ๋ฉ์ด๋ฆฌ๋ก ๋จ๊ฒ ๋๊ณ ์ด ๊ด์ฅ์ ์์ฑ๋๋ค.
์์ฑ๋ ๊ด์ฅ์ ์์นซ ์ปค๋ค๋ ์กฐํ๋ฌผ๋ก ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ์ง๋ง, ๊ด์ฅ ์๋ฅผ ๋น์ค๋ฌํ ์์ธ๋ก ์ง๋๋ค๋๋ ๋ณดํ์๋ค๋ก ์ธํด ์ธ๋ ์ ๋๋ก๋ง ๋ณด์ผ ์๋ ์๋ค. ๊ฒฝ์ฌ๋ก ์ธํด ์ค์ฌ์ ์ก๊ธฐ ์ํ ์์ธ๋ค์ ํ์ธ์ ๋ง๋ ๋ ์์ ์ ์์ธ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ด์ฅ์ ํํ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ฐ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฌํ ํ๊ณ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ํ๋ ์์ฐ์ค๋ฝ๊ฒ ์์๋ ์ ์๋ค.
์ด๋ฌํ ์์ฐ์ค๋ฌ์์ ์ผ๊ตด์ ์๋ก ๋ง๋์ด ์๋๋ฅผ ํ์ ํ๋ ค๋ ํญ๋ ฅ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ํด๋ฐฉ๋ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์คํ๋ ค ์ผ๊ตด ๋ง๋๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์๋ ์๋์ ๋งํฌ, ๋ชธ์ง ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฐ๋ ค๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ง์ ํ ๋ง๋จ์ด ๋ฐ์๋๋ค.
์ด๋ฐ ์ด์ ์ฉกํ ์์ธ๋ ์ผ์์์ ํํ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ ์์ธ์ด์ ์ฅ๋ฉด์ด์ด์ ๊ด์ฅ ๋ฐ์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ๋ณด๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์๊ฒ ์๋ก์ด ํ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ ์ด์ ๋ ์๋ค.
์ด ๊ด์ฅ์ ์ ์๊ณผ ํ ๋ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ง์ง๋ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ฌํด๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ํ ๊ธฐ์ต์ ๊ฐ์ง ์ง์ญ์๋ ๊ถํ์ง ์๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ด ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ด ๊ด์ฅ์ ์ด๋ฆ์ด ๋ฐ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋, ๋ฌด์ ๋ณด๋ค ์ ์ด์ ์กฐ์ฑ์ด ๋ผ์๋ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐ๋๋ค. ์ํ ์์ฒ๋ ๊ธฐ์ต ์์์ ๋ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ์งํ๋ ๋ฟ ์ฌ๋ผ์ง์ง๋ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค.
์ค๋ฆฌ์ ํ
์ค๋ฆฌ์ ํ์ ์ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ์ ์คํ ์ฌํ์ ํฉ์๊ฐ ์ ์ ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
์ด ํ์ ๊ณต๊ณต์ฅ์์ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝํ๋๋ฐ ์ฌํ์ ํฉ์๊ฐ ์ฑ๊ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด ์ง ๊ณณ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์ ์ด๋ ์ธ๊ถ์ ๋ํด ๋งค์ฐ ์ง๋ณด์ ์ด์ด์ ์ฌํ์ ์ฐํ๊ฐ ๋์ค๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ณณ์ผ ํ๋ฅ ์ด ๋๋ค.
์ข ๊ต๊ฐ ๊ทธ ์ง์ญ(๊ตญ๊ฐ)์ ์ง๋ํ ์ํฅ์ ๋ผ์น๋ ๊ณณ์ด๋ผ๋๊ฐ, ์ ๋ ์ด ์ค๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋ค ํจ์ฌ ๋ ๊ฐํ๊ฒ ์์ฉ์ ํ๋ ๊ณณ์ด๋ผ๋๊ฐ, ๊ธฐ๋ถ ์ฐ์ ์ด ๋ฐ๋ฌํ์ฌ ํ์ง๊ตญ์ ์ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋ฅผ ๋๋ ์ด๊ฐ ์ง์ญ(๊ตญ๊ฐ)์ ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋๋ ๊ณณ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์ด ํ์ด ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ํฌ๋ฐํ๋ค.
์ด ํ์ ๋จ์ํ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋ฌผ๋ก์จ ์กด์ฌํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ ๋ณดํ์๋ค์ ํ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ฅํ์ฌ ๊ผญ๋๊ธฐ์ ์ค๋ฅผ ์ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์๋ฌด๋ ์ค๋ฅผ ์ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ, ํ์ ์ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ฐํนํ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์ถฉ์กฑ ๋ผ์ผ ํ๋ค.
์ด๋ฌํ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์ ๋นํ๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐ๋๋ ์ด๋ค์ด๋,
์ถ์๊ณผ ๋์์ ํธํก๋ง์ ๊ฐ๋ํ์ฌ ํ์ ๋จน์๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ง ์ฐพ์ ๋ค๋ ๋ณ๋๋ฆฌ ๊ฑฐ์ง๋ค, ํ์ฐํ์ฌ ์ ๋ง์ ๋ชฉํ๋ก ์ด์๊ฐ๋ ๋ถ๋์๋ค, ์์ ์ ๋นํด ๋งค์ฐ ๋๋ํด ๋ณด์ด๋ ๋น๋๊ธฐ๋ค์ ๋ฏธ์ํ๋ ๋์ ๋น๋ฏผ์๋ค, ๋ฉํ๋ ์๋ ์๊ฐ์ด ๋๋ฌด ๋์ณ๋๋ ์์ ๊ฐ๋ค, ํ๋ฃจ ์ค ๊ตฌ์ ์ผํฐ์์ ์ค ์๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ ์ผํ ๋์ธ ๋ ธ์ธ๋ค, ์๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ํด ๊ฐ์กฑ๊ณผ ์ด๋ณํ์ฌ ํ๋ก ์ด์๊ฐ๋ ์ฒญ์๋ ๋ค, ํฌ๋ง์ ์๊ณ ๊ทธ ์ง์ญ์ ์ฐพ์ ์์ผ๋ ์ด์ ๋ ์์ ์ ๊ณ ๊ตญ์ ๋์๊ฐ ํฌ๋ง๋ง์ ์๊ณ ์ฌ๋ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ๋ค, ๋ง์๊ฐ ๊ทน๋จ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ด์ ธ ๋จ๊ณผ ๋ํํ์ง ์ผ๋ ์ด์ ๋ ๋ง์ฝ ์ค๋ ์๋ค์ ๋งํ๋ค.
์ด๋ ๊ฒ ์ฌ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ถํํ๊ฑฐ๋, ์ฌํ์์ ๋ฐํ๋์ด ์ด ํ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ค๋ฅด๊ณ ์ ํ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ด ํ ์ ๊ตฌ์ ์๋ ๋ฐ์คํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ์ฌ, ์์ ์ ์ ๋ถ๊ณผ ์ฌ์ ์ํ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ๋ ์ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋๋ค.
์ด ์ ์ฐจ์ ํฉ๊ฒฉ๋ ์ด๋ค์ ์ด ํ์ ์ค๋ฅด๋ ๋๊ฐ๋ก 1ํ, ํํ ์ผ๋ง์(๋ฏธํ ์ผ์ญ ๋ฌ๋ฌ)์ ์ง๊ธ ๋ฐ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ ์ ์์ ์ฌ๋ผ ํ ์๊ฐ์ ์ ์์ด์ผ ํ๋ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์ ์ฅ๊ฐ์๊ฒ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ฌ๋๋ค.
๊ณต๊ณต์ฅ์์์ ๊ฐ๋์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์์ ์ ์ธํ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋ค์๊ฒ ๊ณต๊ฐํ๋ ์ฅ๋ฉด์, ์ด ์ง์ญ์ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ๋ ์ด๋ค์๊ฒ ๋๋ฌด๋ ์์ธํ๊ณ ๋ฌด์ญ๊ฒ ๋๊ปด์ง ์ ์์ผ๋, ๊ด๊ด๊ฐ์ด๋ ์ด๋ฐฉ์ธ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๋ ์ด์ ์๋ ์กฐ๊ฐ์ฏค์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐ๋์ด ์ฌ์ง๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด ๋ ํ๋ฅ ์ด ๋๋ค.
๋์ด ์๋ค๋ ์ด์ ์ ๋์ ์ป์ ์ ์๋ค๋ ์ด์ ๋ก ์ด ํ์ ์ค๋ฅด๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ธ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ถ์ด ์กฐ์ ๋นํ๋ ์ด ํ์ ๋๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ข์ , ๋ถ๋ ธ์ ์ ํญ์ด ์กด์ฌํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
์ด ํ์ด ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ ๋๋ฉด,
์ ์๊ฐ ๋ง์ ์ด๋ค์ ์ฝ์๋ฅผ ์ํ ์ฌํ ์ ๋๊ฐ ์กฐ์ ๋๋๋ก ๋ ธ๋ ฅํ ๊ฒ์ด๊ณ , ๋๋ํ๊ณ ์ฌํ์ ์ง์๊ฐ ์๋ ์ด๋ค์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ฑ ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ ์ฐพ์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ฐฉํ ์ด๋ค์ ๋ถํ์ ํ๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ๋ํ ๊ฒ์ด๊ณ , ๋ชป๋ ์ด๋ค์ ์๋ฌด ์๊ฐ์ด ์์ด ์์ ์ ์ถ์ ๊ณ ๋ง์ ํ ๊ฒ์ด๊ณ , ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ด๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ๋ํด ์๊ฐํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
์ด ํ์ด ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ๋ ์ ์๋ค ํ๋๋ผ๋
์ด ํ์ ์ค๋ฅด๋ ค๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ์ฌ์ ํ ์กด์ฌํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
์๊ด์ ๊ธธ
์๊ด์ด ์ค๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ ์๊ด์ ๋น์ ์ ์จ์ ๋๋ผ๋ ์ด๋ค์ ์ด๋์์๋ ํญ์ ์กด์ฌํ๋ค.
์๊ด์ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ ์ด๋ค์ ํ๋๊ฐ ์ค์ํ๋ฐ,
์ถ์์ ์ธ ๊ด๋ ์ผ๋ก์ ์์ํจ์ผ๋ก ๋น ์ง๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ณต๋์ ์ด์ต์ ์ํ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์๊ธฐ ํ๊ดด์ ์ธ ์๋์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ์ ํ๋ก์จ ์์ฉํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ธ๊ณฝ์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ๋ณด๋ ์ด๋ค์๊ฒ ์ด ๋ชจ์ต์ด ๋งค์ฐ ๋ฌด์ญ๊ฒ ๋๊ปด์ง๊ธฐ๋ ํ๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ์๋ ์ฐ์ค๊ฝ์ค๋ฌ์ธ ์๋ ์๋ค.
์๋ํ๋ฉด ์๊ด์ด๋ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์ ํ์ฌ์ ํํน์ ์ธ ํ์์ผ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋ง๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ํ๊ณ ์ง์์ ์ธ ์ง๋ณด์ ๋ํ ์ฝ์๊ณผ ๋์๋ ๊ฐ์ ๋ง์ด ์๊ด์ ์ฐพ๋ ๊ธธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ผ์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ
์ฌ๊ธฐ ์์ ์ ์๋ฏธ๋ก ๋ฒ๋ฒ ๋ ์๊ด์ ๊ธธ์ ์ ์ํ๋ค.
๋์์ ๋ฒ๋ ค์ง ์ง์ญ์ ์ผ์ง์ ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ํํ ํ ๊ธธ๋ฐ๋ฅ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ณ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ ๋ชจ๋ ํฐ์์ผ๋ก ๋์ ํ์ฌ ์์ฃผ ์ ๋น๋ก์ธ ๋งํ ๋ถ์ ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ฐ์ถํ๋ค.
๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์ธ๋ฒฝ์ ์คํ๋์์์ ๋ณผ๋งํ ๋งค์ฐ ๊ฐ๋ ฅํ ์กฐ๋ช ๊ธฐ๋ค์ ์ค์นํ๋ค. ์กฐ๋ช ๊ธฐ๋ ๋ฐ๋ฅ์์ ์ก ๋ฏธํฐ ์ ๋์ ๋์ด๋ก ์ ํ๊ณ ์กฐ๋ช ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ ์ค์ญ ์ผํฐ ์ ๋๋ก ํ๋ค.
์กฐ๋ช ์ ๊ด๋์ ์ญํ๋ฐฉ๋ฏธํฐ์ 10,000์ํธ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ํ์ฌ์ผ ํ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ 10๋ฏธํฐ ํญ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ 1๋ฏธํฐ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์ธ๋ฒฝ๋ง๋ค 1,000์ํธ ์กฐ๋ช ์ ๋ค์ฏ ๊ฐ์ฉ ์ค์นํด์ผ ํจ์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
๊ต์ฅํ ์์ ์ ๋ ฅ์ด ์๊ตฌ๋์ง๋ง ์๊ด์ ๋ง์ดํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์ ๊ทธ ์ง์ญ(๊ตญ๊ฐ)์ ๋์๋ฅผ ์ป๋๋ฐ ์ด๋ ค์์ด ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ํฌ๋ค.
์๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์ ์ฌ๋ ์ง์ญ(๊ตญ๊ฐ)์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํด๋ 1์ผ 1ํ ํด๊ฐ ๋ค ์ง๊ณ ๋ ๋ค ์ฝ ํ ์๊ฐ ํ์ฏค ์กฐ๋ช ๋ค์ ์๋์ํฌ ๊ฒ์ ๊ถํ๋ค. ์ด๋ ์์ฒญ๋ ์ ๋ ฅ์ ์๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ค์ผ ์ ์๊ณ , ๋ณด๋ค ๊ทน์ ์ธ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ป๋๋ฐ ๋ฐ๋์งํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค.
์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์์ฑ์ด ๋๋ฉด ์ถ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง ๋์ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๊ฑฐ๋๊ณ , ์ผ์์ ๋ฒ์ ํ ์ ์๋ ์๋ฏธ๋ก, ๋ฒ์ ํ ์ ์๋ ์๋ฏธ๋ ์ผ์์ผ๋ก ์ง๊ฐ๋๋ ๋ณ์ฆ๋ฒ์ ์๊ฐ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค.
์ด๋ ์ง์น์ง ์๊ณ ๋ฒ์ด์ง๋ ์ง๊ธฐํ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ํ์ง๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ฅ์ค๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ ๋ฌผ, ์ ์ํ์ ๋ฐ๋ฌผ๊ด๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ํํน์ ์ธ ํ์๊ณผ ๋์ผํ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ป๊ฒ ํด์ฃผ๋ฉฐ, ๋๋ถ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์์ ๋ง๋๋ ๋ณดํ์๋ค ๊ฐ์ ์ผ๊ตด ๋ง๋๊ธฐ๋ ๋นํ์ค์ ์ด๊ณ ๋ชฝํ์ ์ธ ํ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์๊ด์ ๋ง์ด ํ ํฌ๋ง์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ค.
ํํ์ ๊ด์ฅ
ํํ๋ ๋คํผ๊ณผ ๋ฐ๋ชฉ์ด ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋งํ๋ค๋ฉด, ์ด๋ฅผ ์คํํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ์ ์ด๋ ์ง๋ณด๋ผ๋ ์ด์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฌด๋๊ฒ ํ๋ ํธ์ํจ์ ์ ์ํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
๊ณต๋์ฒด๋ ๊ฐ์ฑ์ ์ํด ์ด์๋ ์ ์๋ค๋ ์๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ๋ณด๋ค ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ด๊ณ ์๋ฒฝ์ ๊ฐ๊น์ธ ๋งํ ์์คํ ์ ์ ์ํ๊ณค ํ๋๋ฐ, ๊ฒ์ฆ๋ ์์คํ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํด๋ ํญ์ ์ด์ ๋ํด ๋ถ๋ง์ค๋ฝ๊ฑฐ๋ ํ๊ฐ ์น๋ฏธ๋ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋ค์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ค์ ๋ฌด์ํ์ง ์์ผ๋ ค๋ ์ ์ค์ฒ๋ง ๋ณด์ฌ๋ ๊ฝค๋ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ ์ด๊ณ ์ง๋ณด๋ ์ฌํ๋ผ๊ณ ์๊ฐํ ์ ์๋ค.
์ข ๊ต, ์ด๋ , ์ธ์ข , ์ํ ๋ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ์ธ๋ฅ์ ์ญ์ฌ๋งํผ์ด๋ ์ปค๋ค๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ก ์ธํ ๋ฐ๋ชฉ์ ์ ๊ฑฐํ๋ ๊ฒ๋ง์ด ํํ์ค๋ฝ๋ค๊ณ ํ ์๋ ์๋ค. ์ ๊ฑฐํ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋จํ๋ ์๊ฐ ์ด๋ ๊ตฌ์์์ ๋๊ตฐ๊ฐ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์์ํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค.
์ฌ์ํจ์ ๋ํ ์ธ์ฌํ ๊ด์ฌ๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ๋ ค๋ ์ ์ด๋ ๊ฑฐ๋ํ ์ด์์ ๋ํ ์ ์ฅํ ์กฐ์ (ํํ)๋ณด๋ค๋ ๊ฐ์ธ์๊ฒ ํํ์ค๋ฌ์ด ๋ง์์ ๋ฐ์์ํค๋๋ฐ ํจ์ฌ ๊ด๋ํ ์ ์๋ค.
ํํ์ ๊ด์ฅ์ ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ์๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก๋ ๋ณดํ์์๊ฒ ์ด๋ ํ ์ ์น์ ์ด์ต์ด๋ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์์ด ์กฐ์ฑ๋์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ช ํํ ๋๋ฌ๋ด์ผ ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์์์ํค๊ธฐ ์ํด(์ ํํ๋ ๊ต๋์ํค๊ธฐ ์ํด) ๋๋ฐ๋ ๊ณตํฐ์ ๋ฒค์น๋ค๊ณผ ํ๋์ ์์ ํ ์ ๋๋ง ์ค์นํด์ผ ํ๋ค.
์๋ฌด๊ฒ๋ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ฐ์กฐํด์ผ ํ์ง๋ง ์์ ํ(์กฐ๊ฐ๋ฌผ) ํ๋ ์ ๋๊ฐ ์์ด์ผ ํ๋ ์ด์ ๋ ๊ณต์ ์ฌ์ ์์ ์ง์ญ๋ฏผ์ ์ํด ์์์ ์ด๋ ์ ๋ ์๊ธ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค๋ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ก์จ ํ์ํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋จ์ํ ํ ๋น์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ๋ง ๊ฐ์กฐํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํํ์ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ ๋ฌํ๋๋ฐ ๋ณดํต์ฌ๋๋ค์๊ฒ ์ดํดํ๊ธฐ ์ฝ์ง ์์ ์ฃผ์ ๋ก์ ์์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค.
์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด,
๋งค์ฐ ์ ๊ตํ๊ณ ์๋ฏผํ ๊ณผํ์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ๋ฒค์น๋ค๊ณผ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋ฌผ์ ๊ณ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ ํ๋ฉด์ ์จ๋๊ฐ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ง๊ฒ ๋ง๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ ์ํ๋ค.
๋ค์ ๋งํ๋ฉด, ๊ด์ฅ ๋ฐ๋ฅ์ ๊ณ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ๋๋ฐฉ์ด ๋๋ ์ฅ์น๋ฅผ ์ค์นํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋งํ๋ค. ์ฌ๋ฆ์ฒ ์๋ ๊ด์ฅ ๋ฐ๋ฅ์ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด๊ณ ๋ฒค์น์ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋ฌผ์ด ๋งค์ฐ ์์ํ์ฌ ์ด๊ณณ์ ์ฐพ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ํธ์ํ๊ฒ ๊ด์ฅ ๋ฐ๋ฅ์ ๋๊ฑฐ๋ ์ด ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒจ์ธ์ฒ ์๋ ๋ฒค์น์ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋ฌผ์ด ๋งค์ฐ ๋ฐ๋ปํ์ฌ ์น๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋๋ฐ ๋ณ๋ก ํฐ ์ง๋ฃจํจ์ ๋๋ผ์ง ์์ ์ ์๋ค.
๋์ฑ์ด ์ ๊ณณ์ด ๋ง๋ ์น ์์ ๋์ ๋ถ๋์๋ค์๊ฒ ๋์์ด ์ข์ ์ฅ์๋ก์ ์์ฉํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค.
๋ง์ฝ, ์ด ๊ด์ฅ์ด ์กฐ์ฑ๋์์์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ์ด ๊ด์ฅ์์ ์๋ฆฌ์ธ์์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค๋ฉด, ํํ๋ ์์ผ๋ก๋ ์ธ๊ฐ์๊ฒ ๊ธฐ๋ํ ์ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฃผํ์ฌ, ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ด์์ผ๋ก์จ๋ง ์กด์ฌํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ฌํ์ ํฉ์๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ผ ํ๋ค.
๎๏ธ๏ธ๏ธๅ ฌๅ ฑใฎ็ฉบ็ฝ
่ด็ฝชใฎๅ ฌๅ
ไธใฎไธญใซใฏใๆด้ขจ้จใซ่ฅฒใใใใใจใใชใใใใใใใซใใฎๅฐๆฅใๅพ ใก็ฆใใใไบบใ ใใใพใใ
ๆด้ขจ้จใ่ตทใใใชใ็็ฑใฏ็นๅฎใฎๅฐ็็ใช็ฐๅขใงใฏใใใพใใใใใใงใฏใชใใใใๅฐๅใซใใใฆ็คพไผ็ใป่ณๆฌ็ใทในใใ ใ็ใฟๅบใๆกไปถใซใใฃใฆใๅฐใใใคๆด้ขจ้จใๅงฟใๆถใใฆใใฃใใฎใงใใ
ๆด้ขจ้จใฎๆถๆป ใฏใใใใซ่ช็ถ็พ่ฑกใงใใใจใฏใใใใใฏใไบบ็บ็ใซๆดใใใใๅณใใๆญดๅฒใฎใใๅ ดๆใงใใใๆฅ้ใซ้ฒ่กใใใใใงใใใใใง่จใใไบบ็บ็ใชๆญดๅฒใใจใใๆฆๅฟตใฏใๆไฝ้ใฎ็ๆดปใฎใใๆนใจ่ณๆฌไธป็พฉใฎ็ตๆใจใใฆๆกๅคงใใ้็ดใจใฎ่ก็ชใฎใใจใงใใใใฎๆญดๅฒใฏใ็คพไผใฎๆๅกใงใใไบบใ ใฎ็ฒพ็ฅใฎไธญใงใๆ่ญใใใชใ่ช็ถใชใจใใซใฎใผใฎๆตใใจใใฆไฝๅใใพใใ
ใใฎใใใช็ฒพ็ฅใฎใใใใใฏๅ ดๆใซๅฝฑ้ฟใไธใใพใใใใใซใใฃใฆใใใฎๅ ดๆใฏ่ฑๅฏใช็ฉ่ณใจๅคๆฐใฎๆฉ้ขใงๆบขใใใใใใใซใชใใพใใใใใใพใไบบใ ใฎๆๆ ใฎ็ถๆ ใซๆชใๅฝฑ้ฟใไธใใใพใใซใใฎๆฎต้ใซใใใฆใๅฝผใใฏๅฐ้ฃใช้ๅปใฎๅๆฅใๅพ ใก็ฆใใใใใใซใชใใฎใงใใ
้ฉๅฝใใๅฑๆฉใธใๅฑๆฉใใ้ฉๅฝใธใจใคใฅใๅพช็ฐ็ใช้ฒๅฑใซไผผใใใฎใใญใปในใฏใ็ฅ่ฉฑใซๅบใฅใใใจใงๅฏ่ฝใซใชใใพใใ
ใใใง่จใใ็ฅ่ฉฑใใจใฏใ่ณๆฌไธป็พฉใธใจๆๅ ฅใใใคใฅใใใใฎๅๅฝขใๆใใพใใใใใฆใๆด้ขจ้จใใจใฏใใไฝใใใฃใฆใๆด้ขจ้จใ็นฐใ่ฟใใใๅฟ ่ฆใใใใใจใใไฟกๅฅใใ่ชไฝใๅฝขใฅใใใๅพช็ฐ็ใชๆง้ ใฎใใจใงใใ
ใใใงใๆด้ขจ้จใฎๅๆฅใๅพ ใก็ฆใใใไบบใ ใฎใใใฎ็ฉบ้ใๅฟ ่ฆใซใชใฃใฆใใพใใ
ใใฎ็ฉบ้ใฏใ่ชฐใซใงใไฝใใใจใใงใใพใใไธไบบใ ใใฎใใใฎ็ฉบ้ใชใฎใงใใใพใๅบใใฏ่ฆๆฑใใใพใใใใใณใใใใฃใกใใจๆฉ่ฝใใใใฎใซๅๅใชใจใใซใฎใผใใใใใฐๅคงไธๅคซใงใใ
ใใฎ็ฉบ้ใง็ใฟๅบใใใๆด้ขจ้จใฏๆฌ็ฉใงใฏใใใพใใใใ้ใใใใ้จใฎไธใงใๅฉ็จ่ ใฏๆถใๆตใใฏใใใใใใใใพใใใใใใใฏใๆฐดๅงใซใใใใพใใใ่ชๅใฎ็ฝชใๆดใๆตใใใฆใใใจๆใใใใใใใพใใใ
ใใฎๅ ฌๅใใใฃใจใๅฟ ่ฆใจใใใฎใฏใไธไบบใใใใฎๅๅ ฅใ25,000ใใซไปฅไธใฎๅฝใซไฝใไบบใ ใงใใใใใใฎ25,000ใใซใจใใๅนณๅๅนดๅใฎๆฐๅญใฏใใใจใใฐใๅฐๅใฎไบบๅฃใฎๅฐใชใใจใไธๅใฎไบใ้ตๆณ็ฒพ็ฅใๆใคไบบใ ใงๅ ใใใใใใจใใใใฆๅใใๅฐใชใใจใไธๅใฎไบใ่ฒงๅฐๅฑคใๅฉใใไบบใ ใงๅ ใใใใใใจใๆๅณใใพใใ
ๅฝๅ ็ทๆๅพใ1,000ใใซไปฅไธใฎๅฝใ ใซใใใฆใใใใฎ็ฉบ้ใฎ่จญ็ฝฎใฏใๅฅใฎๅฝขใงไบบใ ใๆดๅฉใใใใจใซใชใใงใใใใ
ๅๅฉใฎๅบๅ ด
ใใฎๅบๅ ดใ่จญ็ฝฎใงใใใฎใฏใๅฐๅใฎไบบใ ใฎใใกไธๅใฎไบไปฅไธใ่ชๅ่ช่บซใซๆบ่ถณใใฆใใๅ ดๆใซ้ใใใฆใใพใใใๅๅฉใใจใฏใๅใ ไบบใ่ชๅใซๅใคใใฉใใใซๆธใใฃใฆใใใใใงใใ
ใใใใๅไบบ็ใชๅๅฉใใใใซใทใทใบใ ใใจใดใคใบใ ใจๅไธ่ฆใใใฎใฏๅฑ้บใงใใๅไบบ็ใชๆบ่ถณใๆฌๅฝใซๆๅณใใใจใใใฏใใใใใง่ช่บซใ็ ็ฒใซใใใใจใซใปใใชใใชใใฎใงใใใใ่ชๅทฑ็ ็ฒใ็บใใใใฎใฏใ้ๅฃใจใใฆ็บๅฑใใใใจใใใใใฏ้ๅฃ็ใชไฟกๅฟตใ็คพไผๅ จไฝใๅค้ฉใงใใใจๅผทใไฟกใใใใใใใชใฎใงใใๅฝๅฎถใฏไบบใ ใซใใ็บๅฑใ้ฒใใใจใงใใใใฆ่ช็ถใจๅไบบ็ใชๆบ่ถณใใใใใใใใใจใใ่ใใไฟกใ่พผใพใใใใจใใพใใใใใๆๅใใใจใใซใใใๅๅฉใฏๅงใพใใฎใ ใจ่จใใใงใใใใ
ใใฎในใใผในใๆง็ฏใใใซใฏใ็ด10ไธๅนณๆนใกใผใใซใปใฉใฎ็ฉบใๅฐใๅฟ ่ฆใซใชใใพใใ
ใพใๅบๅ ดใฎ็ใไธญใซไบใคใฎ็นใๆใกใพใใๅๅ ่ ใฏใใฎใฒใจใคใ้ธใณใใใใในใฟใผใๅฐ็นใจใใฆไปใฎ็นใธใจ็งปๅใใฆใใใพใใใใฎๅใใซใใฃใฆใๆใฎๅฝขใๆตฎใใณไธใใใใใงใใ
่ชฟๅใใใๆบถๆถฒใๅใใใชใใๆญฉใใใจใงใใใฎๅใใฎ่ป่ทกใๅฐ้ขใซๆฎใใใพใใ
ๆ้ฉใชใฎใฏใใจใใญใทๆจน่ใใใผในใจใใ่ไน ๆงใฎใใๅกๆใงใใไฝฟ็จใใ่ฒใซใคใใฆใฏ่ช็ฑใงใใใใๅงใใฏ่ตคใจ้ใงใใ
ๆญฉใใใผในใฏใใพใๅ้กใงใฏใใใพใใใใใใงใใใ ใ้ใๆญฉใใใจใงใใใ็ขบๅบใจใใๆฑบๆใ่ฒใพใใใใจใซใชใใพใใไบใคใฎ็นใๅทกใ็ตใใฃใใใๅกๆใไนพ็ฅใใใใใใซใใใฐใใใฎ้ใฏๅใใๆญขใใพใใใใไนพ็ฅใใๅใซ่ธใพใใใจใใชใๅไปใช็ถๆณใซใชใใฎใงใๆๅณใใชใใฆใญใฆใญใใฆใฏใใใพใใใ
ๅกๆใไนพ็ฅใใใใใพใๅใ่ก็บใ็นฐใ่ฟใใพใใ
ๅฎ่ก่ ใฏใฒใจใใงใใใพใใพใใใใๅคใใใฐๅคใใปใฉใใใๅคๆงใชๆใฎๅฝขใๆตฎใใณไธใใใใจใซใชใใพใใ
ๅบๅ ดใๅฎๆใใใฎใฏใใใฎ่ก็บใ็ด1ไธ8ๅๅ็นฐใ่ฟใใใใจใใงใใๅบๅ ดใไปไธใใฃใใจใใ็งใใกใฎ้ๅปใฏใใฎๆ ๅ ใ่ฎใใใใใใจใซใชใใใใใฆ็งใใกใฏใๆใใๆชๆฅใฎๆญใๅฃใใใฟใชใใใ่ชไฟกใๆทฑใใใฎใงใใ
่ช็ฑใฎๅบๅ ด
ใ่ช็ฑใใจใฏๆฝ่ฑก็ใช่จ่ใชใฎใงใๅบๅ ดใใใฎใใใซๅไปใใใใจใฏ้ฃใใใฏใใงใใใงใๅฅๅฆใชใใจใซใไธ็ใฎๅคใใฎๅฝใ ใงใฏใใใ็จฎใฎ่ฑกๅพดๆงใๆใค็ฉบ้ใซใใฎๅๅใไฝฟใใใฆใใพใใ
ใใใๅฐใชใใจใใใใใใใ่ช็ฑใฎๅบๅ ดใใใๆญดๅฒใไฝใใใฎๅฝขใงๅๆ ใใชใใใใซๆฐใใคใใชใใใฐใชใใพใใใๅๆ ใใฆใใพใๅ ดๅใงใใๅคๅฝไบบใจใใฆใฎ่ฆ็นใๅบๆฌใซๆฎใใฆใใฏใฃใใใจใใๆฟๆฒป็ใชๆๅณใ็ซใกไธใใใชใใใใซใใในใใงใใใใใฆใใใฎใใใชในใใใใ่จญ็ฝฎใใๅ ดๆใจใใฆใฏใไบบๅฃใฎใใกไธๅใฎไบไปฅไธใใ่ชๅใใกใฏๅๅใซ่ช็ฑใ ใใจๆใใฆใใๅฐๅ๏ผๅฝ๏ผใ ใใๅฏพ่ฑกใซใใในใใงใใ
ใพใใฏใ้ซใๅปบ็ฉใซๅฒใพใใใ่ณชใฎ้ซใๅนณๅฆใช็ฉบ้ใๅฟ ่ฆใซใชใใพใใ
ใใคใ้ๅปใฎๅบๆฅไบใซ่ใพใใใฆใใไบบใ ใ็พๅจใฎๅ้กใๆชๆฅใซๆผใไปใใใใจใงๆชๆฅใจ็พๅจใใใกใๆททใใซใใไบบใ ใ้ๅปใใใใฟใใผใใใๆชๆฅใๆฅใใใจใไธๅฎใซๆใไบบใ ใใใฎใใใชไบบใ ใใใใใใฎๅปบ็ฉใฎๅฑไธใพใงไธใใใจใซใชใใพใใ
ๅฑไธใซ็ใใใใๅกๆใฎ่ฉฐใพใฃใ้ขจ่นใๆใซๅใใพใใๅกๆใฎ่ฒใฏ่ตคใง็ตฑไธใใใพใใ่ฒใใใฉใใฉใ ใจใใใใช็ตๆใซใชใๅฏ่ฝๆงใใใใฎใงใใฏใใใใๅ่ฒใซใใ ใใใฎใๆ้ฉใชใฎใงใใ
ๅฑไธใซ็ใใใใ่ฆไธใใใฆใ็ใใๅฎใใฆ้ขจ่นใ่ฝใจใใฆใใ ใใใ้ขจ่นใฏๅฐ้ขใซๅฝใใฃใฆ็ ด่ฃใใ่ฒใๅบใใใพใใไธๅฎใซ่ฅฒใใใฆใใไบบใ ใฏๅฎใใใๆใใใงใใใใไธๆนใงใใใใใๅฅฝใใชไบบใ ใฏ่จ่ใๅคฑใใ็ใๆทฑใไบบใ ใฏ็็ฌใใใงใใใใใใใฆใๅนธ็ฆๆใซๆบใใใใฆใใไบบใ ใฏๅนธ็ฆๆใฎไปฃใใใซๆธๅฟตใๅจๅฒใซๅบใใใงใใใใใใใใฆใใในใฆใๅนณ็ญใซใชใใฎใงใใ
ใใใใใใใๆๆ ใใฒใจใคใๆใกๅใใใฆใใชใไบบใ ใ็ซใกๅฏใฃใใใใใฎใจใใฏ่จใไบใใ่ตทใใใงใใใใ
ๅญค็ฌใฎๅก
ไป่ ใจใฎๅบไผใใซๅใใ้ใ้ใใใจใใๅญค็ฌใฏๅงใพใใพใใ
ไพใใฐใๆใใไบบใๅคฑใฃใใใๆดๅ็ใชๅ ด้ขใ็ฎใซใใใใใใใใฏๆฅใ ใฎๅ่ชฟใใซใตใจๆฐใฅใใใใใฆใ่จ่ใซใงใใชใ่ฆ็ใ่กใๅ ดใฎใชใ็ถๆณใซ่ใพใใใใจใใๅญค็ฌใฏๅงใพใใพใใ
่ชฐใใจ็้ ใซใชใใจใไบบใฏ็ใฟใๆใใพใใใใฎ็ใฟใจ็ตใณใคใใใใฎใใใๅญค็ฌใงใใใจๅคใใฎไบบใฏ่ใใพใใใใงใๆฌๅฝใฏใใฒใจใใงใใใใจใฎๅฏใใใฏไป่ ใฎ่ฆใใฟใซใใ้ขไฟใใฆใใใฎใงใใไป่ ใซๅใใฆๅฟใ้ใใๅฝผใใฎใใใซใใฎ่ฆใใฟใๅผใๅใใใจใใใฏใใใฆๅญค็ฌใฏ่จชใใใฎใงใใ
ใใใชใใใงใไป่ ใซๅบไผใใใจใใใใฆๅๆใซๅญค็ฌใซใคใใฆใใฃใใ่ใใใใจใใงใใ็ฉบ้ใจใใฆใๅกใฎๅปบ้ ใๆๆกใใพใใๅ ดๆใจใใฆใฏไบบ้้ขใใๅฑฑๅฅฅใๆ้ฉใงใใใไบบใ ใ่ถณใ้ใณใใใใใใซใ่กไธญใซ่จญ็ฝฎใใใใจใใใใใพใใ
ๅฐไธ๏ผ้ใๅฐไธ15้ใฎใใซใๅปบ้ ใใใฒใจใ็จใฎใจใฌใใผใฟใผใใใใซ็ตใฟ่พผใใใจใซใชใใพใใ
ๅฐไธใฎๅ้ใฏๆฏ่ฒใๆฅฝใใใใใใซๅ จ้ข็ใชใฌใฉในๅผตใใงๅปบใฆใใใพใใใๅฐไธใฎๅ้ใฏใณใณใฏใชใผใใงไฝใใใพใใใจใฌใใผใฟใผใฎไธญใฏๅบใ ใจใใฆใใใใฎใฎใใฝใใกใๆค ๅญใชใฉใๅบงๅธญใ็ฝฎใในใใผในใฏใใใพใใใใใใฏใไฝใไผใพใใใฎใงใฏใชใใๅฟใฎๆใกใใใๅคใใใใใฎ็ฉบ้ใชใฎใงใใ
ใใฎๅกใฏ่ฆณๅ ๆฝ่จญใงใๅฎๆ็ใช็ๆณใฎ็ฉบ้ใงใใใใพใใใใๅฉ็จใซใใใฃใฆใฏใใใคใใฎ่ฆๅฎใใใใพใใ
ใใฎๅกใซใดใฃใใใฎๅฉ็จ่ ใฏใไป่ ใจๅฏพ้ขใใใใจใๆใใไบบใ ใใใใใฏ่ฆๆ ฃใใชใ็ถๆณใซ่บซใ็ธฎใพใใไบบใ ใงใใใใใฎใใใชไบบใ ใฏใใใชๅ ดๆใ่ชๅใใๆขใๆฑใใใใใชใๅฏ่ฝๆงใ้ซใใงใใใใ
ใจใฌใใผใฟใผใซ่ชฐใไนใฃใฆใใชใใจใใใ็กไบบใฎใพใพใง้่ปขใใใฆใใใใจ่ชไฝใๅญค็ฌใฎ่ฑกๅพดใจใใฆๆฉ่ฝใใใใจใซใชใใฏใใงใใ
ๅบไผใใฎๅบๅ ด
ใใฎๅบๅ ดใฏใไปใฎไบบใ ใจๅบไผใใใจใซๆๆใๆใใใใใใใฏไป่ ใจๅบไผใใใจใซใคใใฆๆฒ่ฆณ็ใช่ใใๆใคไบบใ ใๅฏพ่ฑกใจใใใ็คพไผ็ใช็ฉบ้ใจใใฆๆๅณใใใฆใใพใใ
ใใฎๅบๅ ดใซใฏใใพใ่ฒป็จใฏใใใใชใใฎใงใใพใใฏๅฐๅใฎไบบใ ใใๆฟ่ชใๅพใใใจใ้่ฆใงใใๅๆใๅพใใใ็ถใใฆใไปใซใๅดฉใ่ฝใกใใใช๏ผ้ไปฅไธใฎๅคใใใซใ่ฒทใไธใใพใใ้ฝๅธ้จใงใฏ่ๆฝๅใใใใซใฏ่งฃไฝใใใฎใ้ไพใงใใใใใใซใชใใฃใฆใใใฎใใซใๆฅญ่ ใซ่งฃไฝใใฆใใใใพใใ
่งฃไฝใฎใใจใซๆฎใใใ็ฆ็คซใใใ็ชใๅบใใใคใใๅฒใใใฌใฉในใๅฐใฃใใณใณใฏใชใผใใฎ็ ด็ใชใฉใๅฑ้บใช้จไฝใๅใ้คใใใ็ ใใใใใพใใ
้ญใ็ ด็ใ็ไปใใใใ่ถณใ่ฝใกใฆใใพใใใใชใตใคใบใฎ็ฉดใ้ๅฃ้จใใฟใคใใฆใใณใณใฏใชใผใใง่ฆใฃใฆใใใพใใ
ใในใฆใฎ็ฉดใใณใณใฏใชใผใใงๅใใใใฆใใใฎใใใชๅฆ็ใๅใใใใผใใจๅดฉใใใพใพใฎ็ฆ็คซใ ใใๆฎใใใใจใใๅบๅ ดใฏๅฎๆใใพใใ
ใใซใฏๅทจๅคงใชๅฝซๅปใฎใใใซ่ฆใใใใใใใพใใใใงใใ้ใใใใฃใฆไธ็ช้ซใใจใใใซ็ปใฃใไบบใซใจใฃใฆใฏใไธใฎใใใซใๆใใใใใงใใใใใใฉใณในใๅใใใใซใใผใบใๆดใใไบบใ ใ่ฆใใจใ่ช็ถใจ่ฉฑใใใใใใชใใพใใใๅฐๅฝขใฎใใใงใใผใบใๅฆใซใชใฃใฆใใพใใพใใญใใชใฉใจ่จใใชใใใใใใใฆใๅบๅ ดใฎๅฝข็ถใฏใๅฏพ่ฉฑใๅงใใใใใฎๅฃๅฎใจใใฆไฝฟใใใใฎใงใใ
ใฉใใใฆใ่ชฐใใจ้กใ่ฆๅใใใ็ถๆณใซใใใฎใงใๆฐใๆฅฝใซใชใใพใใใใใฆใ็ธๆใฎ่ฉฑใใใจใ่บซใฎใใชใใใใใฆๆฐ้ฃใใ้ใใฆใใคใใซ็ใฎๅบไผใใ่จชใใพใใ
ใใฎๅบๅ ดใงใฏใ่ชฐใใๆฎๆฎตใฎ็ๆดปใงใฏใชใใชใ่ฆใใใชใๅฅๅฆใชใใผใบใๅใใใจใซใชใใใใงใใใใใใฏ่ฆ็ฉไบบใซๅฏพใใฆใๆฐใใๆฏ่ฒใจใชใฃใฆ็พใใใงใใใใ
ๆฆไบใใใญใชใบใ ใๅฐ้ใจใใฃใๅคงๆจไบใซใใ็ใพใใ่จๆถใๆ นๆทฑใๅ ดๆใฏใใใฎๅบๅ ดใฎ็ซๅฐใจใใฆใตใใใใใใใพใใใใใฎใใใชๅทใคใใๅฐๅใซใฏใใใใใใใใฎใใใชๅบๅ ดใ่จญ็ฝฎใใใใจ่ใใในใใงใฏใชใใฎใงใใๅๅใๅคใใๅฟ ่ฆใๅบใฆใใพใใใไฝใใใใๅคงๆจไบใฎๅทใฏๆฑบใใฆๆถใใใใจใชใใใใพใใพใชๅฝขใง่จๆถใฎไธญใซๅฑ ๅบงใ็ถใใใใฎใงใใใใ
ๅซ็ใฎๅก
ใๅซ็ใฎๅกใใๅปบใฆใใซใฏใไฝใใใใพใใ็คพไผๅ จไฝใใ้ฉๅใชๅๆใๅใใคใใชใใใฐใชใใพใใใ
ๅกใฎ่จญ็ฝฎใซใคใใฆๅบใ็คพไผ็ใชๅๆใๅพใใใจใซๆๅใงใใใฎใฏใๅฐใชใใจใใไบบๆจฉใซใคใใฆ้ฒๆญฉ็ใช่ฆณๅฟตใๆใฃใๅ ดๆใ ใใงใใใใใใใฏใ็คพไผ็ใชๅฏๆใซๆบขใใๅ ดๆใซ้ใใใใพใใใ
ๅฎๆใๅผทใๅฝฑ้ฟๅใไฟใกใๅซ็็ใชๆฏใ่ใใใใไฟกไปฐใใใๅผทใๆฉ่ฝใใๅ ดๆ๏ผๅฝ๏ผใใใใใฏๆ ๅ็ฒพ็ฅใ็บ้ใใฆใใใไบบๅฃใฎๅๅใ่ฒงใใๅฝใ ใฎๅญไพใใกใซใ้ใๅฏไปใใใใใชๅ ดๆ๏ผๅฝ๏ผใซใใใฆใใใฎๅกใๅปบใฆใใใใใจใฏใพใใใใใพใใใ
ใใฎๅกใฏๅใชใๅฝซๅปใงใฏใชใใไบบใ ใฏใใฎไธญใซๅ ฅใใๅ ็ซฏใพใง็ปใใใจใใงใใพใใใจใฏใใใ่ชฐใงใๅ ฅๅ ดใงใใใใใงใฏใใใพใใใใพใใฏๅณๆ ผใชๆกไปถใซๅ่ดใใๅฟ ่ฆใใใใพใใ
ๅบๆบใ้ฉ็จใใๅฏพ่ฑกใจใชใใฎใฏใไปฅไธใซๆใใใใใชไบบใ ใงใใ
็ใพใใๆฅใใ่ฒงๅฐใฎไธญใซใใใๆฏๆฅใฎ้ฃไบใซ่ฆๅดใใฆใฎใชใฎใชใฎๆฎใใใใใ่ทฏไธ็ๆดป่ ใใกใ็ ด็ฃใซใใฃใฆ็ๆดปใ็ ดๅฃใใใ็ตถๆใซ็ใใๆตฎๆตช่ ใใกใ
้ฝๅธใซใใใ่ชๅใฎ็ๆดปใจ้ณฉใฎๆฎใใใๆฏในใฆใใใๅ ๅฎใใๅพ่ ใ็พจใ่ฒงๆฐใใกใๆใซๅ ฅใใๆ้ใใใพใใซใ่จๅคงใงใ้ๆนใซๆฎใใใขใผใใฃในใใใกใ็ใๅบใใๆฑใใฆ่กๅใใใใจใๆฅ่ชฒใฎใ็ๅฐใๆผใใใ้ซ้ฝข่ ใใกใ็่จใ็ซใฆใใใใ่ฆชๅ ใ้ขใใฆๆฎใใใใฃใผใณใจใคใธใฃใผใใกใๅธๆใๆฑใใฆใใฎๅฐใ่ธใใ ใฎใซใใใฎๅธๆใจๆ ้ทใซๆปใใจใใๅๆใใๅฟใฎๆ ใๆใใชใๅคๅฝไบบใใกใไธๅนด้ใใฃใจ่ชฐใจใไผ่ฉฑใไบคใใใฆใใชใใ็คพไบคๆงใๅคฑใฃใ่ฌ็ฉไธญๆฏ่ ใใกใ
ใคใพใใ็ตๆธ็ใซ็ ดๆป ใใใใใใฏ็คพไผใใๆ็ตถใใใใใฎๅกใซ็ปใใใจใฎไปใซไฝใใใใใจใใชใไบบใ ใใใๅ ฅๅฃใซใใใใญใณใใในใฏใง็ณใ่พผใใใจใใงใใใฎใงใใใใฎ้ใ็คพไผ็ใชๅฐไฝใ็ตๆธ็ใชๅ้กใชใฉใ่ชๅใฎๆ ๅ ฑใๆๅบใใชใใใฐใชใใพใใใ
ใใฎๆ้ ใซๅๆ ผใใไบบใ ใซใฏใๅกใฎๅ ็ซฏใซ็ใใใไธๆ้ใใใซ็ซใก็ถใใใจใใ้้ ทใชๆกไปถใฎใใจใใพใ๏ผไธใฆใฉใณ๏ผ30ใใซ๏ผใๆฏๆใใใพใใ
ๅณใใๅข้ใซใใใใใจใใใ ใใงๅไบบใฎไฝใๅ ฌๅ ฑใฎๅ ดใงๆใใใใใใงใใใใใพใใซใ้ ทใใฆๆใใใใคใกใผใธใจใใฆใใใใฏๅฐๅใฎไบบใ ใซ่กๆใไธใใใใใใใพใใใใใฎไธๆนใงใ่ฆณๅ ๅฎขใ่จชๅ่ ใฏใ็ใใๅฝซๅปใจใใฆใใใใใฏๅฐใชใใจใใซใกใฉใๅใใไพกๅคใใใใใฎใจใใฆใใใๆใใ้งใๅฏใฃใฆในใใใๅ็ใๆฎใใงใใใใ
ใ้ใใชใใฆ่จชใใไบบใ ใใใ้ใไฝใใใใฆ่จชใใไบบใ ใพใงใใใพใใพใชไบบใ ใๅฉ็จใๆฑใใพใใใ ใใใใฎๅกใฏใๆถใจๅคฑๆใๆใใจ่ฆ้ฃใๅนใ่ใใๅ ดใจใชใฃใฆใใใพใใพใชๅๆงใๆจฉๅฉใฎใใๆนใซ็ด้ขใใใใจใซใชใใงใใใใ
ใใฎๅกใๅฎ็พใใใฐใไบบ้กๆใๆใคไบบใ ใฏใ่ฒงใใไบบใ ใๅฉใใ็คพไผ็ใชๆฉ้ขใฎๆง็ฏใ็ฎๆใใฆๅใใงใใใใ็คพไผ็ใชๅฐไฝใฎ้ซใ่กๆใชไบบใ ใฏใ็ตๆธ็ใชๆฟ็ญใ้ใใฆๅ้กใ่งฃๆฑบใใใใจใใใงใใใใๅชใใๅฟใๆใคไบบใ ใฏใ่ธใ็ใพใใฆ็ฅใใงใใใใๆใใชไบบใ ใฏใใใคใฎใพใซใ่ช่บซใฎๅนธใใช็ๆดปใซๆ่ฌใใใใใซใชใใงใใใใใใไปฅๅคใฎใปใจใใฉใฎไบบใ ใฏใไบบ้ใ็ใใ็ถๆณใซใคใใฆใๆทฑใ่ใใใใๅพใชใใชใใงใใใใ
ใใจใใใฎๅกใๅฎ็พใใชใใฆใใใใใซ็ปใฃใฆใฟใใใจ่ใใ็จฎ้กใฎไบบใ ใฏใใใใใซใใใใใใฆใใฎใใใช็ถๆณใซ่บซใ็ฝฎใใใจใซใชใใฏใใงใใ
ๆ ๅ ใธใฎ้
ไธใฎไธญใซใฏใๆ ๅ ใฎ็ฌ้ใ่จชใใใฎใๅพ ใกใใใชใไบบใ ใใใใคใฆๆใ้ใใใใจใฎ่ผใใซใใใพใฏใพใฏใใชใไบบใ ใใใพใใ
ๆ ๅ ใซใใใฆใ้่ฆใชใฎใฏๆ ๅบฆใงใใ้ๅธธใฎๅ ดๅใๆ ๅ ใฏใๆฝ่ฑก็ใชๆ่ใ้ใใ็ด็ฒๅใซใใฃใฆ็ใใพใใใใใใฏใ้ๅฃ็ใชๅฉ็ใฎใใใซ็ฎๆจใ้ๆใใๅ ดๅใๆ ๅ ใฏ่ชๅทฑ็ ดๅฃ็ใชใจใใซใฎใผใๅ ใซ็งใใใฒใจใคใฎ็ฅ่ฉฑใจใใฆ็ซใก็พใใพใใใใใฏใ้จๅค่ ใซใจใฃใฆใฏ่็ญใๅใใใใชๅ ๆฏใจใใฆ็พใใใใ็ถๆณใซใใฃใฆใฏใใฒใฉใ้ฆฌ้นฟใใใใใฎใจใใฆๅใๅใใใใใใพใใ
ใชใใชใๆ ๅ ใจใฏใๅคใใฎๅ ดๅใซใใใฆใ้ๅปใ็พๅจใฎๅบๆฅไบใซใคใใฆใฎใใฎใฉใฎใฉใจ่ผใใคใชใฅใผใธใงใณใงใใใชใใใใงใใใใใใฏใๅคใใฎไบบใ ใใ้ฒๆญฉใซ่บซใๆงใใใใจใใ้้ใฎใชใๅไธใฎใใใซๅฝใๆธใใใใจใใใๆ ๅ ใธใฎ้ใงใใใจไฟกใใฆใใใใใงใใ
ใใใงใใชใใใใใงใฏใใกใฟใใกใผใใใใใๆททใๅใใใใใจใงใๅ ทไฝ็ใชๅฝขใงๆ ๅ ใธใฎ้ใ็คบใใใใจๆใใพใใ
ใพใใฏ้ฝๅธใฎๆใกๆจใฆใใใๅฐๅใงใไธ็ด็ทใฎ้ใ้ธใณใพใใใใใซ้ขใใใใซใฎ่กจ้ขใใในใฆ็ฝใๅกใใใพใใง็ฉบ้ใใฎใใฎใๆตฎ้ใใฆใใใใใชใ้ญ ๅ็ใชๅนๆใไฝใๅบใใพใใ
ใใใใฎใใซใฎๅคๅฃใใใใฏๅฑไธใซใในใฟใธใขใ ใงไฝฟใใใใใใชๅผทๅใชๆๅ ๅจใใๅฐไธใใ๏ผใกใผใใซใฎ้ซใใซใชใใใใซๅใไปใใพใใ10ๅนณๆนใกใผใใซใฎ้ ๅใใจใซใ๏ผไธใฏใใ็ธๅฝใฎๆใใใง็ งใใใชใใใฐใชใใพใใใใใฎใใใซใฏใ1000ใฏใใใฎ็ งๆใ10ๅฐใ๏ผใกใผใใซ้้ใง่จญ็ฝฎใใใๅฟ ่ฆใใใใพใใ
้ใใฎๅ จไฝใ็ งใใใซใฏใ็ธๅฝใช้ปๅใๆถ่ฒปใใใใจใซใชใใพใใใใใใใใฎๅ ดๆ๏ผๅฝ๏ผใซไฝใไบบใ ใฎๅๆใๅใใคใใใใจ่ชไฝใฏๆฅฝ่ฆณ่ฆใใใฆใใพใใๅๅคงใชๆ ๅ ใซๅฐ้ใใใใใชใฎใงใใใใใฉใใชใซ่ฑใใชๅฐๅ๏ผๅฝ๏ผใซ่จญ็ฝฎใใใๅ ดๅใงใใไธๆฅใซไธๅบฆใๆฅใๆฎใใฆใใ็ด๏ผๆ้ใฎ้ใฏ็ งๆใใชใณใซใใใใจใๆจๅฅจใใใพใใ
ใใใฏใใจใใซใฎใผใฎ็ฏ็ดใจใใใ ใใงใชใใใใๅ็ใชๅนๆใ็ใฟๅบใใใใฎๆญฃใใๆนๆณใชใฎใงใใ
ใใฎ้ใใๅฎๆใใใจใ็ใ็ใใจใใ้ฝๅธใฎๅ ๆฏใฏๆจใฆๅปใใใพใใๆฅๅธธใฏใใฏใๆใฎๅฑใใชใๅ ดๆใซใใใใจใใ่ใๆนใใฎใใฎใๆฅๅธธ็ใชๆฆๅฟตใจใชใฃใฆใๅผ่จผๆณ็ใช่ฆ็นใธใจๆใ่พผใพใใฆใใใฎใงใใ
ใใใงใฏใ็ตใใใชใ็ถใ็ๅฆใชใใฌใผใใๅฃฎๅคงใชใขใใฅใกใณใใใใใใฏๅฑ่ฆงไผใ็พ่ก้คจใใใใใใใใชใ็ฎใ็ฉใพใใใคใชใฅใผใธใงใณใจๅใๅนๆใ็ใฟๅบใใใพใใใใใซใใฃใฆใๆ ๅ ใ่ฟใใใใจใธใฎๅธๆใใใใใใใใฎใงใใ้็พๅฎ็ใงๅคขๅนป็ใช็ฐๅขใฎไธญใ็ฉใ่ทฏไธใงใๆญฉ่ก่ ใใกใฏไบใใจ้กใๅใใใใใจใซใชใใพใใ
ๅนณๅใฎๅบๅ ด
ใใใใๅนณๅใใฎๆๅณใใใจใใใ่ก็ชใๆตๅฏพๆงใฎไธๅจใชใฎใ ใจใใใใใใฎใฒใจใคใฎใใๆนใจใใฆใใพใๆฐๆฅฝใใๆใใชใใใฐใชใใพใใใใใใฏ้ฒๆญฉใจใใฆ็ฅใใใ็ๆณใฎ็ซฏใใใๆใใใใใฆใใใใงใใใใ
ๆๆ ใ ใใงใฏๅ ฑๅไฝใใใพใๆฉ่ฝใใใใใจใฏใงใใชใใใจใใๅบใๅ ฑๆใใใ่ใใซๅบใฅใใฆใใพใใพใๅฐ้็ใซ็นๅใใใใๅฎ็งใชใทในใใ ใไฝใใใฆใใพใใใใใใใใใใใใซ้ซๅบฆใชใทในใใ ใงใใฃใฆใใใใใซใฏๅธธใซใๅคฑๆใๆใใธใจๅใใ่กๅใใใใฎใงใใใใฎใใใช่กๅใ็ก่ฆใใชใใจใใๆ ๅบฆใ็คบใใใฆใใๅ ดๆใฏใใใใ ใใงใใใชใๆฐไธป็ใง้ฒๆญฉ็ใช็คพไผใงใใใจ่ใใใใพใใ
่ก็ชใฎๅๅ ใจใชใใฎใฏใๅฎๆใใคใใชใญใฎใผใไบบ็จฎใ้ ๅใจใใฃใใไบบ้กใจๅใใใใ้ทใๆญดๅฒใๆใคๅคใใฎๅ้กใงใใใใใใใใใใๆ้คใใใใฐ่ชๅ็ใซๅนณๅใใใใใใใใใจ่จใใฐใใใใชๅ็ดใช่ฉฑใงใฏใใใพใใใๆ้คใๅฎๅ จๅฎ็งใซๅฎฃ่จใใใ็ฌ้ใซใใฉใใใฎ่ชฐใใๆณฃใๅงใใใงใใใใใใ
ๆใซใฏ่ชฐใใซๅนณๅใชๆฐๆใกใใใใใใซใใใฃใฆใไบ็ดฐใช็ฉไบใธใฎ้ขๅฟใ้ ๆ ฎใฏใๅคงใใชๅ้กใซใใใๅฆฅๅใจๅฐใชใใจใๅ็จๅบฆใซใฏใๅฏๅคงใชใธใงในใใฃใผใซใชใใใใฎใงใใ
ใๅนณๅใฎๅบๅ ดใใๆงๆใใ่ฆ่ฆ็ใใใใฏ็ฉบ้็ใชใในใฆใฎ่ฆ็ด ใ็ฎๆใใฎใฏใ่จชใใไบบใ ใซๆฟๆฒป็ใชๅฝฑ้ฟใไธใใใใจใงใฏใใใพใใใใใฎใใจใๆ็ขบใซ็คบใใใใฎใใใช่ใใๅผฑใใ๏ผใใฃใจๆญฃ็ขบใซ่จใใฐใใใฎใใใชไผ็ตฑ็ใช่ฆณๅฟตใๅฃใ๏ผใใใซใ่คๆฐใฎใใณใใจใฒใจใคใฎๅฝซๅปไฝๅใๅทจๅคงใช็ฉบใๅฐใซ่จญ็ฝฎใใพใใ
ใคใพใใปใจใใฉไฝใใชใใใใงใใใใจใฏใใๅฝซๅปใฏใฉใใใฆใๅฟ ่ฆใงใใๅ ฌๅ ฑใฎไปไบใงใใใใใใใใฎ่กใฎ่กๆฟใฏใ็จ้ใ็ด็จ่ ๆฌไบบใฎใใใซไฝฟใใใใจใใ่ฆ่ฆ็ใช่จผๆใๆฑใใใใฎใ ใใใงใใ
ใใใงใใฃใฆใใ็ฉบใฃใฝใฎ็ฉบ้ใ ใใงๅนณๅใฎๆ่ฆใๅผใณ่ตทใใใใจใฏใๆ ฃใใชใไบบใ ใซๅฏพใใฆใฏ้ฃใใใใใใใใใพใใใ
ใใใใๆฝๅจ็ใชๅฐ้ฃใ่ปฝๆธใใใใใซใๅณๅฏใง็ฒพ็ทปใช็งๅญฆๆ่กใซๅบใฅใใฆใๅญฃ็ฏใซใใฃใฆใใณใใจๅฝซๅปใฎ่กจ้ขๆธฉๅบฆใๅคๅใใใใใซใใพใใ
ใคใพใใๅญฃ็ฏใซใใฃใฆใๅบๅ ดใฎๅบ้จใๅทใใใใๆใใใใใ่ฃ ็ฝฎใ่จญ็ฝฎใใใใใจใซใชใใพใใๅคใฏๅฐ้ขใใใณใใณใใจๅฝซๅปใๅทใใใใใฎใงใไบบใ ใฏใชใฉใใฏในใใฆๅฏ่ปขใใใงใใใใๅฌใฏใใใใๆใใใใใฎใงใๅฏใไธญใงๅ้ใๅพ ใคใใจใฏใใฏใ่ฆ็ใงใฏใชใใชใใพใใ
ไปใๅ ใใใจใใใฎๅบๅ ดใฏใ่ทฏไธ็ๆดป่ ใซใจใฃใฆใฏๅฎ็งใชๅฏๅบใจใใฆๆฉ่ฝใใใใใใใพใใใ้ฝๅธใงใใฎใใใชๅ ดๆใ่ฆใคใใใใจใฏ้ฃใใใงใใใใ
ใใฎๅบๅ ดใไฝใใใฆใใชใใๅ ดๆๅใใชใฉใใใใฃใฆไบใใ่ตทใใใจใใใฐใใใฏใใไบบใ ใฏๅนณๅใๅฎ็พใใๅฏ่ฝๆงใไฟกใใใใชใใชใใงใใใใใใใฆใใๅนณๅใ่ฆใคใใใซใฏใใใใใใ่ชๅใฎ็ๆณใจๅ ฑใซ็ใใใใใชใใใจใใ็คพไผ็ใชๅๆใซ่ณใใใจใซใชใใงใใใใ









installstion view: 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art, 2016

